Fig. 5: Structural characterization of the catalyst after reaction.

a, b Aberration-corrected HAADF–STEM images of S1 and S6 after reaction. Inset: bright contrast file in the orange box and diagram of atomic arrangement and spacing. c, d Intensity profiles measured from HAADF–STEM images and (e, f) corresponding FFT pattern and crystal structure (red and green spheres represent Bi and Pd atoms) of S1 and S6 after reaction. g, h Simulated HAADF image of S1 and S6 (001) plane.