Fig. 4: Transcriptomic analyses of R. palustris cells.

Principal component analysis (PCA, 95% confidence) (a) and differential gene volcano graph (b) of the R. palustris biofilms powered by the WE-HE as compared with that under non-evaporation. Dashed lines represent the gating of fold change (FC) > 2.0 and P  <  0.05. c Hypothetical model of electron and carbon flow driven by the WE-HE: (1) C-type cytochromes, (2) Nanofilaments of R. palustris such as protein nanowires and flagella, (3) ATP synthase, (4) NADH dehydrogenase complex, (5) ubiquinol: c-type cytochrome oxidoreductase complex, (6) Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle, (7) enzymes for denitrification, e.g., nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, nitric oxide reductase and nitrous oxide reductase. Statistical analysis was conducted with paired two-tailed t-tests, three biological replicates per treatment (n = 3). All P values are provided in the Source Data.