Fig. 3: The stretchability, flexibility, and robustness of consecutively-printed ionic hydrogel power sources (IHPS) under complex deformation conditions.
a The stress-strain curves and (b) tensile moduli (mean ± s.d., n = 3) of the consecutively-printed IHPS units and single-component printed hydrogel filaments. c Image of the deformed IHPS unit during the tensile testing. d Voc and the relative resistance value of the IHPS unit at εl of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% (e) Voc profile of the cyclically stretched-and-released IHPS (1000 cycles with a maximum εl of 100%). Insets show images of the IHPS unit at εl of 0% and 100%. f The image, (g) Voc, and the relative resistance value of a consecutively-printed Peano-shaped IHPS with 20 units in series at εA of 50%, 100%, 150%, and 200%. h Voc profile of the consecutively-printed IHPS unit under folding, twisting, and knotting conditions. i Voc profile of the IHPS (10 units in series) during manual clenching-relaxation cycles. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
