Fig. 4: Photovoltaic performance for PSCs.

a J-V curves of champion control, MPA, and SBI-based devices. b EQE spectra and integrated current densities. c Stabilized power output at the MPP for the SBI-based device. d Statistics of Voc and FF obtained from the control, MPA, and SBI-based devices. e EQEEL values of devices operating in the light emitting diode (LED) mode under different current densities. f ∆Voc, nonrad of recent reports on p-i-n PSCs. Detailed (g) Voc loss analysis and (h) FF loss analysis of devices. i Stability of unencapsulated control and SBI-based devices aged at 55 ± 5 °C in ambient air. The inset represents continuous MPP tracking (in N2 atmosphere).