Fig. 5: Theoretical analysis of interaction between perovskite and SBI.

a Optimized structure of MPA treated FAI-terminated perovskite (001) surface containing an iodine vacancy. b Calculated electron localization function and (c) density of states (DOS) projected onto elements of FAI-terminated surface with an iodine vacancy before and after MPA treatment. The result of the perovskite surface without iodine vacancy is shown in Supplementary Fig. 29. d 1H and (e) 31P ss-NMR spectra of perovskite, MPA treated perovskite and neat MPA. f Work function difference (ΔWF) among control, MPA-treated, and SBI-treated perovskite surfaces.