Fig. 1: Assembly and annotation of eight genomes from four Hevea species.

a Statistics for the initial contig assembly of the Hevea genomes generated here, together with the seven previously published H. brasiliensis (Hb) genomes. Red, the Hb cultivar RY73397 genome as a representative for the eight Hevea genomes assembled this study; Gray, genome of the Hb CATAS8-79¹⁴; Cyan, genome of a Hb wild accession (MT)¹³; Green, genome of the Hb GT1¹⁵; Purple, genome of the Hb RY73397⁹; Blue, genome of the Hb BPM24¹¹; Orange, genome of the Hb RRIM600¹⁰; Tawny, genome of the Hb RRIM600⁸; Red dotted line denotes the position of contig N50. b Eighteen pseudomolecules scaffolding with Hi-C data for four Hevea species: Hb (RY73397), Hp, Hbe and Hn. c Genome features depicted for Hb and H. pauciflora (Hp) across the eighteen chromosomes. Units on the circumference (track I) are in megabase (Mb) values. Tracks II, gene density (range 1-128 per Mb); III, Gypsy (blue) and Copia (red), respectively (range 0-13 per Mb); IV-VI, gene expressions in leaf (FPKM range 0-11,115 per gene), bark (FPKM range 0-32,014 per gene) and latex (FPKM range 0-139,158 per gene); VII, GC content (range 30%–39% per Mb); VIII, synteny between the genomes of Hb and Hp. d Photograph of Hb RY73397 somatic chromosomes. Scale bars=10 μm. The chromosome photographs of five independent cells at metaphase were selected, and one representative was shown here. e Phylogenetic tree of eight Hevea accessions and eight representative plant species, viz. Manihot esculenta, Jatropha curcas, Ricinus communis, Populus trichocarpa, Arabidopsis thaliana, Carica papaya, Vitis vinifera and Oryza sativa. f Schematic representation of the karyotypes for Hb. Eudicots are assumed to have evolved from a paleo-hexaploid ancestor formed from three diploid ancestors. The seven-color code illustrates the seven protochromosomes in any of three diploid ancestors¹⁸. Based on the orthologous gene blocks shared with ancestral core eudicots karyotypes (ACEK)¹⁹, the karyotype pictures of H. brasiliensis and the other four species are depicted according to the example files of WGDI. The sequence of M. esculenta chromosomes is adjusted to that of Hb based on the similarity in the karyotypes.