Fig. 1: Schematic representation of energy extraction from low-grade heat utilizing a permselective membrane.

The diagram illustrates how the permselective membrane enables selective ionic migration from the cooler reservoir on the left to the warmer reservoir on the right, resulting in a net ionic current. Specifically, a cation-selective membrane is depicted, allowing cations to pass preferentially over anions. Redox Ag/AgCl electrodes facilitate the conversion of this ionic current into electrical current through redox reactions, thus converting heat energy into electric energy.