Fig. 4: Investigation of transmembrane ion behavior.

a Schematic of the setup utilized for transmembrane ionic transport experiments. b Graphs depicting variations in \({V}_{{oc}}\) and \({I}_{{sc}}\) with various KCl concentration differences. KCl was chosen due to the similar mobilities of K⁺ and Cl⁻ ions. c Plots demonstrating the variation of \({t}_{+}\) with varying KCl concentration differences across the COF membranes. d Plots depicting the correlation between conductance and KCl concentration across the COF membranes. e Conceptual schematic illustrating how the membrane’s ion affinity influences its permselectivity. Error bars represent standard deviation of three different measurements.