Fig. 3: Craniotomy and prosthetic joint infection (PJI) display unique extracellular tissue metabolites.

A Schematic of metabolomics workflow where mice were subjected to craniotomy or PJI and sacrificed at days 3, 7, and 14 post-infection, whereupon metabolites were isolated from homogenates prepared from galea and PJI tissues and analyzed using LC–HRMS (n = 15 mice/infection model/time point of which three animals were pooled, resulting in five biological replicates per time point). B PCA and C one-way ANOVA p-value analysis of detected metabolites across samples were used to illustrate metabolic heterogeneity between groups and D percentage of significantly altered metabolites among all detected chemical species for each time point. E–G Metabolite differences between models are presented as heat maps of log-transformed normalized peak intensities and H–J PCA plots of comparisons analyzed. (D–G) Data analyzed by MetaboAnalyst with two-sided t-test. Only significant comparisons are shown (p < 0.05). Schematic in (A) created in BioRender. BioRender.com/l13z367. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.