Table 1 Comparison of optical thresholds and sizes of different NAFs

Device	Optical threshold	Test wavelength	Size	Refs.
Ge/Si hybrid waveguide	0.74 mW	∼1548 nm	0.5 × 2.58 μm²	⁵⁸
add-drop MRR	80 μW	∼1552 nm	10² μm²	⁶⁵
PCM on Si	∼2.3 mW	1550 nm	∼10² μm²	²⁷
MZI mesh	0.9 mW	-	10⁴ μm²	⁶⁸
Gra modulator	10 mW	1560 nm	∼40 × 10 μm²	⁸¹
Ge-Si modulator	1.1 mW	1550 nm	∼30 ×8 μm²	⁶⁴
Gra/Si heterojunction	0.5 mW	∼2012 nm ∼2026 nm	∼80 μm²	⁶²
MoTe₂/OWG	4.9 μW	1030 nm	∼50 μm²	This work
MoTe₂/OWG	5.5 μW	515 nm	∼50 μm²	This work
MoTe₂/OWG	0.94 μW	1550 nm	∼50 μm²	This work

Ge germanium, Si represents Silicon, MRR stands for micro ring resonator, Gra signifies graphene.

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