Fig. 5: WAKL4-mediated NRAMP1Tyr488 phosphorylation is vital for its function in Cd tolerance.

a Phenotypes of nramp1, nramp1/ProNRAMP1:NRAMP1, nramp1/ProNRAMP1:NRAMP1Y488F and nramp1/ProNRAMP1:NRAMP1Y488E transgenic plants in response to Cd treatment. The 5-day-old seedlings were transferred onto 1/2MS medium (-Cd) or 1/2MS medium supplemented with 75 μM CdCl2 (+Cd). b ICP-MS analysis of shoot Cd concentrations shown in hydroponics (n = 8 independent pools). c–e Statistical analysis of primary root length (c) (n = 24 plants), fresh weight (d) (n = 24 independent shoot pools, 6 plants/pool), and content of chlorophyll A + B (e) (n > 20 independent shoot pools) shown in (a). In b, e, data are presented as mean values ± SD. In c, d, centerlines in the boxplots show the medians, and box limits indicate the 25th and 75th percentile. The whiskers plots represent minimum to maximum values. All experiments were repeated at least three times with similar results. All data were analyzed by ordinary one-way ANOVA (**P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001).