Fig. 2: 40 Hz blue light treatment increases the glymphatic drainage in 4-month-old 5xFAD mice.

a Upper panel, the atlas of the brain coronal sections collected. Lower panel, representative images depicting intracisternally-injected OVA tracer (red) distribution. The sections were counterstained with DAPI (blue). Scale bar, 1000 μm. b Quantification of the fluorescence intensity and the percentage of area covered by the OVA tracer in the brain parenchyma (n = 14, 10, 9). c Representative images depicting OVA tracer (red) and DAPI (blue) staining in the deep cervical lymph nodes (dCLNs). Scale bar, 250 μm. d Quantification of fluorescence intensity and percentage of area covered by the OVA tracer in dCLNs (n = 14, 10, 9). e Quantification of soluble Aβ42 in the hippocampus by ELISA (HPC) (n = 4, 4). f Representative images of the immunofluorescence staining of AQP4 in the cornu ammonis 1 (CA1), dentate gyrus (DG) and cornu ammonis 3 (CA3) subregions of the dorsal hippocampus and the primary visual cortex (VC). Scale bars, 50 μm. g Quantification of the polarization index of AQP4 across different brain regions (n = 15, 10, 11). WT-Con, wild-type littermates that did not receive blue light treatment; AD-Con, 5xFAD mice that did not receive blue light treatment; AD-BLUE, 5xFAD mice that received 40 Hz blue light treatment. All data are presented as the mean ± SEM. Two-group data are analyzed by two-tailed unpaired Student’s t-test. Three-group data are analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test.