Fig. 1: Incidence rate and adjusted hazard ratio for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease by genetic risk, lifestyle, and metabolic syndrome in women.

a Risk of incident atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) according to genetic risk and lifestyle. b Risk of incident ASCVD according to genetic risk and metabolic syndrome. For (a, b), the polygenic risk score for hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) has been derived from the FinnGen Consortium. The high genetic risk group was defined as individuals in the top 20% of the polygenic risk score distribution, while the low genetic risk group was defined as those in the bottom 20%. No. Events indicate the number of ASCVD incidents that occurred in the UK Biobank. Boxes represent the adjusted hazard ratio, with horizontal lines around the boxes indicating 95% confidence intervals. The hazard ratios were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for history of HDP, age, genotype array, and first ten principal components of ancestry. P-values were determined using a Wald test. P-values for interaction were derived from the multiplicative interaction analysis between genetic risk and each group (lifestyle or metabolic syndrome). All P-values were derived from two-sided tests. Exact statistical values are provided as a Source Data file. HDP hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, ASCVD atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval, MetS metabolic syndrome.