Fig. 1: Mechano-gated iontronic piezomemristor (MIPM).

a Schematic of the tactile perception mechanism in bioneuronal systems. The synergistic interaction between mechanosensitive piezo channels and synapses of spinal nerves efficiently converts tactile signals into complex neural signals with excitatory and inhibitory features. b Concept and structure of the MIPM. The MIPM consists of a switchable stiffness iontronic mechanogate, and an oscillatory iontronic memristor. The scale bar is 1 cm. c Schematic diagram of tactile signal conversion and transmission in the MIPM system. Complex pressure information is captured by the switchable stiffness mechanogate, forming bidirectional piezoresistive signals. These signals are subsequently converted into positive and negative spike trains, then processed and outputted as neuromorphic excitatory or inhibitory signals. In this MIPM system, the temporal tactile plasticity can be realized through the integration of bipolarized neuromorphic signals.