Fig. 3: Measuring treatment effects using single MRI contrasts.

MindGlide uniquely enables quantifying treatment effects using single MRI contrasts, including those that have never been used for this purpose (e.g., T2-weighted MRI). A–C shows longitudinal volume changes with results for our PPMS dataset on the top and results for our SPMS dataset on the bottom. A Illustrates the annual per cent change in lesion volume detected by MindGlide across FLAIR, PD, T1, and T2 contrasts (resolution: 1 × 1 × 3 mm) for primary progressive MS (PPMS) and secondary progressive MS (SPMS) cohorts, stratified by treatment allocation. Notably, treatment cohorts exhibited a reduction in lesion volume accrual compared to placebo across all contrasts. B Depicts the annualized rate of cortical grey matter (CGM) atrophy. MindGlide successfully differentiated between treatment and placebo groups, demonstrating reduced cortical atrophy across all MRI contrasts in treated patients. This is also the case for atrophy rates in deep grey matter (DGM) as seen in (C). There are no FLAIR and PD contrasts available for the SPMS cohort. D Shows inter-contrast consistency for percentage brain volume changes (PBVC): High intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) for percent brain volume change (PBVC) across different MRI contrasts within the PPMS dataset (2D), indicating high inter-contrast consistency. This underscores the segmentation tool’s robustness and consistency in detecting neurodegenerative changes across various imaging contrasts. In the SPMS dataset we compared PBVC of 2D-T1 images and 2D-T2 images with an ICC-coefficient of 0.81 [95% CI 0.73–0.87]. PPMS: N = 680, SPMS: N = 130. All boxes in (A–D) display medians and 95% CI. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.