Fig. 1: Single-nucleus RNA-seq analysis of root responses to beneficial and pathogenic microbes.

a Schematic diagram showing the sample preparation and sequencing process for snRNA-seq. Plants were grown in 48-well plates with liquid MS media containing 2% sucrose for 10 days before changing to fresh liquid MS media without sucrose. Plant roots (12 days old) were then treated with 10 mM MgSO4 (Mock), WCS417, or GMI1000 (final OD600 = 0.05). Samples were harvested 6 h post-treatment. b UMAP visualization of 27 clusters in our snRNA-seq data of Arabidopsis whole roots. Combining with cell type-specific markers in recently published root scRNA-seq datasets, we annotated most clusters to corresponding cell type and developmental stages. c Dotplot showing the expression levels of previously reported cell type-specific marker genes in different cell clusters.