Fig. 5: Clinical Utility of PmBF⁺ EVs as Biomarkers for Bacterial Infections.

a Clinical samples collection of healthy people and patients with different types of bacterial infections (Created with BioRender.com). b Detection of circulating PmBF⁺ EVs levels in the health screening population and patients with different types of bacterial infections (The horizontal line indicates the median, Health: n = 60 biological replicates; BI: n = 24 biological replicates; BSI: n = 16 biological replicates). c, d ROC curves for the diagnosis of all types of infections by PmBF⁺ EVs, CRP, PCT alone and in combination. e, f ROC curves for the diagnosis of bacterial bloodstream infections by PmBF⁺ EVs, CRP, PCT alone and in combination. g Clinical samples collection of patients with mycoplasma or virus infections (Created with BioRender.com). h Detection of circulating PmBF⁺ EVs levels in patients with mycoplasma, virus or bacterial infections (include bacterial infections with positive or negative blood cultures) (The horizontal line indicates the median, Mycoplasma: n = 40 biological replicates; Virus: n = 38 biological replicates; Bacteria: n = 40 biological replicates). i, j ROC curve for differential diagnosis between bacterial or virus infections. k, l ROC curve for differential diagnosis between bacterial or mycoplasma infections. b, h were determined by one-way ANOVA with multiplicity adjusted P value (*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ****P < 0.0001; ns: P ≥ 0.05). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.