Fig. 4: Ex post evaluations of policy instruments’ early-stage innovation vs deployment and diffusion outcomes for conventional vs advancedbiofuel technologies.
From: Technology innovation and environmental outcomes of road transportation policy instruments
The number of ex post evaluations, measured on the vertical axis, for “Early-Stage Innovation” outcomes (RD, PA) of road transportation policy instruments are shown on the left side of the figure (a, c). “Deployment and Diffusion” outcomes (BP, TT, CR) appear on the right side (b, d) (see Supplementary Table 2 for outcome definitions). Evaluations associated with advanced biofuels are shown in the top half of the figure and conventional biofuels in the bottom half. Policy instruments are grouped according to Table 1 and are defined in Supplementary Table 1. Positive impacts are shown in blue, negative in orange, and null in gray.
