Fig. 1: Designs of separator with high-dielectric constants.

a Schematic illustration of the promotion of lithium ion desolvation by high-dielectric constant ___domain and its impact on the tip effect of the metal negative electrode. The inset at the bottom right corresponds to the electric field intensity in the high dielectric constant ___domain (blue line) and the low dielectric constant ___domain (red line). b Dielectric constants and costs of various commercial separators and ANF, CS and PCS. The cost is expressed in US dollars per square meter ($ m⁻²), and the details of the calculations are listed in the Supplementary Table 1. c The energy gaps of PC and cellulose (calculate two repeating units of cellulose molecule chain). Li-DEC and Li-EC RDF (d) and integrated coordination numbers (e) with the existence of CS and PCS. f The ratio of Li⁺ based on the distribution of molecules within 4 Å of CS and PCS; Inset: The main distribution form of Li⁺ when PCS chains (the blue wireframe) and CS chains (the red wireframe) exist. The effect of PCS and CS on the desolvation energy during the step-by-step desolvation process of [Li(EC)₃(DEC)]⁺ under an electric field (g) and without electric field (h). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.