Fig. 4: Electrochemical performance of symmetric and asymmetric cells.

Galvanostatic cycling of Zn||Zn symmetric cells in different electrolytes at a 40 mA cm⁻² and 20 mAh cm⁻² (DOD = 68.4%), and b 20 mA cm⁻² and 1 mAh cm⁻². c Coulombic efficiencies and time-voltage profiles of Zn||Cu cells using different electrolytes at 1 mA cm⁻² and 1 mAh cm⁻² and d 5 mA cm⁻² and 1 mAh cm⁻². e Coulombic efficiencies of the Zn||Ti cells at 20 mA cm⁻², 10 mA h cm⁻².