Fig. 1: The schematic illustration of experimental design. | npj Regenerative Medicine

Fig. 1: The schematic illustration of experimental design.

From: Multifunctional injectable microspheres for osteoarthritis therapy via spatiotemporally modulating macrophage polarization and inflammation

Fig. 1

Double-layer microspheres were prepared through the double emulsion method and the spatiotemporal manipulative release of the anti-inflammatory drug (Parecoxib) and macrophage polarization factor (IL-4) achieved by two degradable carrier materials. Parecoxib reduced the levels of inflammatory cytokines (PGE2, IL-1β, and TNF-α) in synovial fluid in vivo, while IL-4 promoted the polarization of macrophages to the M2 phenotype and induced the expression of osteogenic markers (COL2, Aggrecan, and IL-10), and finally improve the long-term prognosis of OA treatment.

Back to article page