Fig. 5: Slight difference in humoral profiles across responses induced by the AS04- or Alum-adjuvanted vaccines.

a The heatmap shows differences in the antibody features between the AS04 or Alum-adjuvanted vaccine groups over time. Orange tiles indicate that the feature is on average higher in HBsAg/AS04-vaccinated individuals, while purple tiles show enrichment in HBsAg/Alum vaccinees. Significances were assessed using Mann–Whitney U tests, and asterisks indicate uncorrected P values with *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. b The PLS-DA score plot shows a slight separation between AS04 and Alum using ADNP at day 60 and the AUC for ADNP. c The modeling approach was validated using permutation tests, for which the performance measured as classification accuracy of the actual model is compared to control models in a cross-validation framework. For “random features”, fold-specific set of features of the same size as obtained by the LASSO-selection are chosen to train the model, and for “permuted labels” the modeling approaches are applied to shuffled group labels. The violin plots show the distribution of classification accuracies, for 10 repetitions and 100 permutations for the control models, and the P values indicate the median over the 10 repetitions of the exact P values obtained by permutation testing. d The bar graph depicts how often antibody features were selected by repeated LASSO-based selection. The color indicates the group in which the feature is enriched. The horizontal line shows the threshold of how often a feature needs to be chosen overall in order to be selected for the final set of minimal features. e A co-correlate network was constructed using Spearman rank correlations. Only correlations with |r| > 0.5 to at least one of the two LASSO-selected features, which are highlighted in gray, are shown.