Extended Data Fig. 7: Simulation of crypt normal tractions.

a, Pattern of apical, basal and lateral surface tensions prescribed in the initial regular cell monolayer. b, Maps of basal normal traction. (i) Raw normal tractions at the basal plane featuring sub-cellular fine-scale details. To compare with experimental averages, we filtered these tractions with a Gaussian filter with standard deviation of 6 µm, (ii). c, Computational model of the deformed crypt on a soft hyperelastic substrate. d, Crypt folding for two models with different basal tension profiles on soft and rigid substrates.