Extended Data Table 1 Seasonal rates and long-term trends of colour, N and P across oxygen regimes

Bottom water	DO (mg L⁻¹)	Long-term trends [f = year⁻¹]			Daily rates [f = day⁻¹]
Bottom water	DO (mg L⁻¹)	Mean	SD	n	Mean	SD	n
Colour (mg Pt L⁻¹ f)	> 8	0.251	0.553	134	−0.019	0.060	296
	5–8	0.379	0.669	142	0.034	0.164	89
	2–5	0.491	1.043	104	0.096	0.220	119
	0.5–2	0.494	1.607	60	0.272	0.370	77
	≤ 0.5	1.046	3.055	98	0.592	0.710	231
	All	0.746	1.504	587	0.166	0.398	2028
TN (µM f)	> 8	−0.003	0.005	139	0.000	0.001	325
	5–8	−0.003	0.007	148	0.001	0.004	128
	2–5	−0.005	0.012	118	0.001	0.002	206
	0.5–2	−0.010	0.024	78	0.002	0.006	131
	≤ 0.5	−0.020	0.090	141	0.006	0.019	355
	All	−0.002	0.032	691	0.004	0.012	2638
TP (µM f)	> 8	−0.063	0.248	133	−0.011	0.049	302
	5–8	0.010	0.239	145	0.034	0.146	119
	2–5	0.022	0.284	109	0.027	0.097	192
	0.5–2	0.110	0.655	72	0.053	0.130	122
	≤ 0.5	0.012	2.222	122	0.213	0.341	333
	All	−0.008	1.333	631	0.043	0.184	2491
NH₄ (µM f)	> 8	−0.008	0.027	76	0.000	0.008	265
	5–8	−0.014	0.047	87	0.003	0.038	106
	2–5	−0.020	0.093	68	0.008	0.058	212
	0.5–2	0.031	0.175	43	0.063	0.124	147
	≤ 0.5	−0.052	1.672	73	0.184	0.279	343
	All	0.001	0.568	363	0.058	0.141	2240
Surface water
Colour (mg Pt L⁻¹ f)	All	0.333	0.732	648
TN (µM f)	All	−0.003	0.010	708
TP (µM f)	All	−0.057	0.626	696
NH₄ (µM f)	All	−0.013	0.048	449

Statistical summary of long-term trends and ice-free season daily rates of water colour, TN, TP and NH₄ concentrations under distinct oxygen conditions. Bottom waters are defined as water depths below 0.7 × z_max and surface waters are defined as water depths above 1 m or 0.5 × z_max, whichever is smaller. The Table lists mean trends and rates, standard deviations and the sample size (number of lakes for long-term trends, number of lake-years for daily rates). The same results are shown in Fig. 6.

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