Fig. 1: Time evolution of global properties during the experiment REVERSE.

Results of default experiment REVERSE, where all changes in the ocean are relative to pre-industrial conditions. Throughout, black lines indicate the ramp-up period (\({p}_{{\mathrm{CO}}_2^{{\mathrm{atm}}}}\) increases), red lines denote the ramp-down period (\({p}_{{\mathrm{CO}}_2^{{\mathrm{atm}}}}\) decreases) and blue lines indicate the stabilization period with constant \({p}_{{\mathrm{CO}}_2^{{\mathrm{atm}}}}\) simulated until year 500. Vertical dashed lines at years 70 and 140 indicate the end of the ramp-up (peak \({p}_{{\mathrm{CO}}_2^{{\mathrm{atm}}}}\)) and ramp-down periods, respectively. a, \({p}_{{\mathrm{CO}}_2^{{\mathrm{atm}}}}\) boundary condition. b, Diagnosed cumulative compatible emissions (measured in petagrams of carbon (PgC)). c, Globally integrated excess marine DIC (ΔDIC), which is excess total DIC (DIC^total, solid curve) with contributions from changes in preformed DIC (DIC^pre, dashed curve) and DIC attributable to the biological carbon pump (DIC^remin, dotted curve). The third vertical dashed line indicates the intersection point (ΔDIC^remin = ΔDIC^pre). d, Globally integrated excess export production (ΔEP, solid curve), ΔEP north of 40° S (dashed curve) and ΔEP south of 40° S (dotted curve). e, Change in temperature (ΔT), which shows the variation in SAT (solid curve), variation in the sea surface temperature (SST, dashed curve) and variation in the ocean mean temperature (T^mean, dotted curve). f, Change in globally averaged ideal age (Δideal age).