Extended Data Fig. 4: Opposite handedness of the adjacent graphene spiral and Burger vector of screw core.

(a–d) The analogy with paper model with two tearing nodal points (red crosses in d) was used to represent graphene origami-kirigami quadruplet (graphene wrinkling, folding, tearing and cracking). The folded wrinkles are easily detected in the ESEM imaging as elongated features of lower brightness, as shown in e (with a grey-level corresponding to 3-layer graphene), each of which contains one exposed layer edge (marked by green lines and arrows) and one buried layer edge (highlighted by light green lines and arrows). (f) Corresponding schematic view representing the contrast variation of SEM observation. (g), Origami-kirigami paper model representing the handedness of GSs at the nodal points of folding of collapsed wrinkle in (e). Note: The handedness of the resulting screw dislocation is defined by the sequence in which the wrinkle parts fold-over to the left or right along folding-axis. The tearing edges at a tearing point always have, as a consequence of the oppositely origami folding of wrinkles, reversed handedness to those at the two nearest adjacent tearing points, as marked by red and green curved arrows in (e–h). In situ ESEM images (h) recorded at 1400 °C, 25 Pa showing the two pair of tearing edges initializing the growth of two intertwined double spirals at the nodal point.