Fig. 1: Anaerobic fungus N. californiae grows on, deconstructs and metabolizes a variety of lignocelluloses as well as other carbohydrate substrates.

a, Fungal activity plotted as the pressure of fermentation gases accumulated by the fungus over time when grown on cellobiose (CB), purified cellulose (PC), switchgrass (SW), sorghum (SO) and poplar (P). b, The total change in metabolite concentrations, as measured by HPLC. c, The percentage of feedstock deconstructed after growth as measured by mass loss in the case of solid substrates and HPLC in the case of cellobiose. d, The change in percentage composition of each lignocellulose type. e, Monoaromatics present in fungal growth media at the end of fungal cultivation, as measured using LC-MS. FA, ferulic acid; S, syringic acid; CA, caffeic acid; SCA, salicylic acid. Panels b–e represent differences between inoculation and the final time point of a at 336 h. In all panels, error bars represent the standard deviation of biological replicates centred on the mean (n = 3).