Extended Data Fig. 1: Estimation of selection coefficient (s) for pfaat1 (S258L) and pfcrt (K76T) alleles.

p is the frequency of mutant alleles (pfaat1 S258L or pfcrt K76T) as indicated in Fig. 1a, and q (=1-p) is the inferred frequency of wild-type (3D7) alleles. The x-axis indicates parasite generations (labeled with sample collection year). We estimated selection coefficients (s) based on allele frequency from year 1990 and 2001, as CQ monotherapy was stopped in Gambia in 2004. s indicates the changes in relative growth per parasite generation (that is the duration of the complete lifecycle in both mosquito and human host). The calculation was based on estimates of 2, 4, or 6 generations per year.