Extended Data Fig. 6: Rare-allele-sharing analysis.

A two-dimensional plot of Chukotko-Kamchatkan and Siberian rare-allele-sharing statistics for First Peoples, Na-Dene-speaking, Eskimo–Aleut-speaking, and Palaeo-Eskimo individuals. Rare alleles occurring from 2 to 5 times in the reference set of 238 haploid genomes (0.8–2.1% frequency) contributed to the statistics; the Chukchi individual was dropped from the Chukotko-Kamchatkan reference group, and the transversion-only dataset was used. Thus, this analysis was based on 918,474 loci. The sample size for this analysis equals 238 + 2 haploid genomes in a target individual, as individuals were analysed separately. Standard deviations were calculated using a jackknife approach, with chromosomes used as resampling blocks. Single standard error intervals and means are plotted. Populations and meta-populations are colour-coded according to the legend. Rare-allele-sharing statistics for simulated mixtures of any present-day southern Native American individual and the Saqqaq individual (from 5–75% Saqqaq ancestry, with 5% increments) are plotted as semi-transparent pink circles. Plots for the 2–10 allele frequency range and other versions are shown in Supplementary Information section 8.