Extended Data Fig. 3: The total community size, measured as species richness and abundance, was fairly constant in all land-cover classes, with only a small increasing trend in abundance in intensive-agriculture communities.
From: Intensive farming drives long-term shifts in avian community composition
a–c, Temporal trends in bird species richness (a–c) and annual counts (d–f) in forests (a, d), diversified agriculture (b, e) and intensive agriculture (c, f) across the four regions of Costa Rica. Black lines represent mean trends in species richness (a–c) and annual counts (d–f), modelled as a first-order random walk process for each land-cover type, with shading depicting the 95% Bayesian credible intervals. a–c, The effect of land-cover type on temporal trends in log-transformed species richness was modelled using a Bayesian LMM in INLA. d–f, Annual transect-level abundances (average of wet- and dry-season counts) were modelled using a Bayesian GLMM with a negative binomial distribution in INLA. nspp. = 510, ntransects = 44, nyears = 18.
