Extended Data Fig. 4: Growth of ice Ic and ice XI crystallites.
a–i, Snapshots of in-situ imaging showing the long-term ice deposition process. b, FFT of image in (a) demonstrated amorphous clusters formed on graphene in the initial deposition stage. Each image was obtained by summing eight aligned frames in one corresponding low-dose image stack acquired at a frame rate of 40/s and a dose rate of 108 e−Å2/s with an irradiation time of 0.4 s. Individual crystallites were numbered based on the order of nuclei appearance. j, Corresponding FFTs for different crystallites, showing five randomly oriented ice Ic structures (1, 2, 4–6) and one <\(\bar{3}13\)> crystallography zone axis-oriented ice XI (3). k, Snapshots of ice XI cluster. l, High-magnification micrograph of the respective crystallites. The out-of-plane growth direction of the crystallite one deviates slightly from the <110> axis, resulting in the high-magnification TEM image and corresponding FFT with low resolution.
