Extended Data Fig. 2: Generalized three-body Laplace angles for known systems in resonant chains.

Included are the Galilean satellites Kepler-60 (refs. ^12,115), Kepler-80 (ref. ¹⁵⁹), K2-138 (ref. ¹¹²), Kepler-223 (ref. ¹¹⁰), TRAPPIST-1 (ref. ¹³) and TOI-178 (ref. ¹⁰). Measurements belonging to the same system are marked with the same colour. The line marks the observed distance to the theorized equilibrium (marked with a circle). The distances are estimated at the zeroth order in eccentricity^110,111. For most systems, a single estimation of the generalized Laplace angle is made, whereas ref. ¹¹⁰ made an estimation for each Kepler quarter.