Extended Data Fig. 6: Environmental heterogeneity in the Amazon forest system.

Heterogeneity involves myriad factors, but two in particular, related to water availability, were shown to contribute to landscape-scale heterogeneity in forest resilience; topography shapes fine-scale variations of forest drought-tolerance135,136, and floodplains may reduce forest resilience by increasing vulnerability to wildfires65. Datasets: topography is shown by the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM; https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/)137 at 90 m resolution; floodplains and uplands are separated with the Amazon wetlands mask138 at 90 m resolution.