Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • Matters Arising
  • Published:

A. J. Eisfeld et al. reply

The Original Article was published on 16 April 2025

The Original Article was published on 16 April 2025

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Buy this article

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

References

  1. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. HPAI Confirmed Cases in Livestock https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/avian/avian-influenza/hpai-detections/hpai-confirmed-cases-livestock (US Department of Agriculture, 2024).

  2. H5 Bird Flu: Current Situation https://www.cdc.gov/bird-flu/situation-summary/index.html (US Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, 2024).

  3. Eisfeld, A. J. et al. Pathogenicity and transmissibility of bovine H5N1 influenza virus. Nature 633, 426–432 (2024).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Chopra, P. et al. Receptor-binding specificity of a bovine influenza A virus. Nature https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-08822-5 (2024).

  5. Santos, J. J. S. et al. Bovine H5N1 binds poorly to human-type sialic acid receptors. Nature https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-08821-6 (2024).

  6. Gambaryan, A. S. et al. Effects of host-dependent glycosylation of hemagglutinin on receptor-binding properties on H1N1 human influenza A virus grown in MDCK cells and in embryonated eggs. Virology 247, 170–177 (1998).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Imai, M. et al. Experimental adaptation of an influenza H5 HA confers respiratory droplet transmission to a reassortant H5 HA/H1N1 virus in ferrets. Nature 486, 420–428 (2012).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Herfst, S. et al. Airborne transmission of influenza A/H5N1 virus between ferrets. Science 336, 1534–1541 (2012).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Tumpey, T. M. et al. A two-amino acid change in the hemagglutinin of the 1918 influenza virus abolishes transmission. Science 315, 655–659 (2007).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Gu, C. et al. A human isolate of bovine H5N1 is transmissible and lethal in animal models. Nature 636, 711–718 (2024).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Pulit-Penaloza, J. A. et al. Transmission of a human isolate of clade 2.3.4.4b A(H5N1) virus in ferrets. Nature 636, 705–710 (2024).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Song, H. et al. Receptor binding, structure, and tissue tropism of cattle-infecting H5N1 avian influenza virus hemagglutinin. Cell 188, 919–929.e9 (2025).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Contributions

Author contributions are provided according to Contributor Roles Taxonomy (CRediT). Conceptualization: A.J.E., G.N. and Y.K. Writing, original draft: A.J.E. and Y.K. Writing, review and editing: A.J.E., A.B., L.G., C.G., T.M., S.T., T.W., L.B., R.D., P.J.H., T.B., G.N., Y.S., A.T., A.K.S., K.M.D., K.P. and Y.K.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yoshihiro Kawaoka.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Eisfeld, A.J., Biswas, A., Guan, L. et al. A. J. Eisfeld et al. reply. Nature 640, E28–E29 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-08823-4

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-08823-4

Search

Quick links

Nature Briefing

Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science, free to your inbox daily.

Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Sign up for Nature Briefing