Extended Data Fig. 3: Primary aortic smooth muscle cells from Hdac9-/- mice are protected from calcification.

a, Primary aortic vascular SMCs isolated from Hdac9-/- mice displayed markedly lower mRNA expression of the osteogenic markers Runx2 (left) and tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (Tnap, middle) compared to aortic vascular SMCs isolated from wild-type mice. There was also a trend towards decreased expression of Col3a1 (right) in aortic vascular SMCs isolated from Hdac9-/- mice (n = 6 biologically independent samples in each group). b, Hdac9-/- primary aortic vascular SMCs failed to calcify when treated with calcifying media for 10 days compared with vascular SMCs isolated from wild-type mice as determined by Alizarin Red staining. Two independent experiments were performed with representative images shown. Scale bar is 1 cm. c, Hdac9-/- primary aortic vascular SMCs exhibited increased contractility compared with vascular SMCs isolated from wild-type mice (n = 6 biologically independent samples in each group). In a and c, statistical comparisons were made using a two-tailed Student t test. Mean ± s.e.m. is depicted in all plots.