Extended Data Fig. 1: RG trait models tested and sensitivity plots showing the correlations between association analyses beta coefficients and Z-scores from RG models in UKBB.

a, The models were labeled according to covariates included and RG cut-offs used. Individuals were included based on two RG cut-offs: <20 mmol/l to account for the effect of extreme RG values (20) and <11.1 mmol/l (11), which is an established threshold for T2D diagnosis. Hence, model 1 – AS20 refers to adjustment for age and sex, using a cut-off of <20 mmol/l, and so forth. b-e, For c, 4,138 individuals were excluded based on HbA1c ≥ 6.5%, in addition to the self-reported or diagnosed T2D cases. Variants with a heterogeneity P-value ≤ 0.05 (beta-coefficient plot) or a Z-score difference between the two models compared >3 (Z-score plots) are annotated. f, An enrichment plot showing the effect of RG signals (AS20 + AST20 model) on T2D. RG and T2D effect sizes are plotted along the y- and x-axes, respectively. Point size is proportional to the statistical significance of the variant for T2D, with red color indicating previously established signals and blue novel signals, respectively. The dashed line represents the line of best fit. Variants with T2D P-value in the lowest decile are labeled. g, An enrichment plot showing the effects of RG signals (AS20 + AST20 model) on HOMA-B and HOMA-IR. The effect sizes on HOMA-B and HOMA-IR are plotted along the y- and x-axes, respectively. Point size is proportional to the significance of the variant either in HOMA-B or HOMA-IR, depending on which trait has the smaller P value. Red color indicates previously established signals and blue indicates novel signals, respectively. Variants with suggestive significance (P < 5.0 × 10⁻⁶) are labeled.