Fig. 6: SVs derived by PIF/Harbinger-type TE insertions promote the expression of BoMYBtf in ornamental kale; overview of increased expression levels of genes in the 27 B. oleracea accessions with PIF/Harbinger insertions in their promoter regions.

a, One SV (PIF/Harbinger-type TE insertion) is associated with BoMYBtf. b, The number of accessions with presence or absence of SV (associated with BoMYBtf) genotypes for ornamental kale accessions and all other accessions (statistical test: two-tailed Fisher’s exact test). c, Expression comparison of BoMYBtf between SV presence and absence accessions (two-sided Student’s t test; centerline, median; box limits, first and third quartiles; whiskers, 1.5× IQR). d, TF-binding elements identified in the PIF/Harbinger insertion. e, Schematic diagrams of reporter constructs used for the LUC/REN assay. The upstream sequences of BoMYBtf from ornamental kale T18 (with TE, 1,239 bp), wild B. oleracea T10 (without TE, 951 bp), cabbage T20 (without TE, 968 bp) and the SV sequence (TE itself, 280 bp). The empty vector was set as mock control. The activities of these promoter constructs are reflected by the LUC/REN ratio (two-sided Student’s t test; data are presented as the mean ± s.d.). f, Distribution of the PIF/Harbinger insertion in the 27 B. oleracea genomes. g, Boxplot showing normalized (z score) expression of 44 syntenic gene families, with a PIF/Harbinger insertion within a −3 kb region from the nearest genes. The light blue and light purple backgrounds denote these syntenic gene families with PIF/Harbinger insertions located within −1.5 kb and −3 kb to −1.5 kb, respectively, of corresponding gene members (red stars); whereas the gray dots denote their syntenic gene members without PIF/Harbinger insertion (centerline, median; box limits, first and third quartiles; whiskers, 1.5× IQR).