Extended Data Fig. 5: Distinct cytokine profiles of female and male VAT.

a, FACS plots show TCRβ versus IL-5 or IL-13 expression in CD45⁺ VAT cells of female (top) and male (bottom) C57BL/6 mice. b, Il4^AmCyan (n = 5 each sex) and Il5^TdTom (n = 7 females, n = 5 males) expression in female (top) and male (bottom) VAT CD45⁺ VAT cells. Quantification on right. c, d, FACS plots show TCRβ versus IFN-γ or TNF expression in VAT CD45⁺ cells (c) and Foxp3 versus IFN-γ or TNF expression in VAT CD4⁺ cells of C57BL/6 female (d, top) and male (d, bottom) mice. Frequencies of IFN-γ⁺ (n = 8 females, n = 10 males) or TNF⁺ (n = 5 females, n = 9 males) among CD4⁺Foxp3⁻cells and amount (mean fluorescence index, MFI) of IFN-γ (n = 9 females, n = 10 males) or TNF (n = 8 females, n = 14 males). e, FACS plots show TCRβ versus Ifng expression in CD45⁺ VAT cells of female (top) and male (bottom) Ifng^eYFP mice. f, Frequencies of Ifng⁺ among CD45⁺ cells (left, n = 9 females, n = 11 males) and amount (MFI) in VAT TCRβ⁺ and TCRβ^- cells (right, n = 5 females, n = 6 males) of Ifng^eYFP mice. g, Numbers of ST2⁺ (control n = 6 each sex; Ifng^-/- n = 4 females, n = 9 males) and CXCR3⁺ (control n = 7 females, n = 6 males; Ifng^-/- n = 7 females, n = 9 males) VAT Treg cells in female and male Ifng^-/- mice. h, FACS plots show expression CD4 and Foxp3 in T cells from spleen (top) and VAT (bottom) in control (PBS) and single-dose diphtheria toxin (DT) treated Foxp3^DTR mice. i, Numbers of TCRβ⁺ cells in control (PBS) and Foxp3^DTR mice 10-days-post DT administration. j, Proportions of CD62L⁺, CXCR3⁺ and ST2⁺ VAT Treg cells in female control (PBS) or Foxp3^DTR mice 10-days-post DT administration. Symbols represent individual mice, horizontal lines mean error bars standard deviation. Data pooled from at least two independent experiments (b, d, f, g, i, j); FACS plots representative (a - e, h). Unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t-test (b, d, f) or two-way ANOVA (g, i, j).