Extended Data Fig. 1: Sound-evoked Ca²⁺ signals in astrocytes of the mouse auditory cortex.

a, Two-photon fluorescence image of fluo-8AM-stained astrocytes in layer 2/3 of the mouse auditory cortex. The red arrowhead indicates an astrocyte that responded to sound (‘Sound responder’), while grey arrowheads indicate non-responding cells to sound (‘Sound non-responders’). b, Ca²⁺ traces (Δf/f) corresponding to the astrocytes indicated in panel a (sound stimuli indicated by grey bars; duration 9.9 s, pure tone of 8 kHz frequency, intensity 70 dB sound pressure level). Astrocytes were defined as ‘responders’ (Fig. 1 and Extended Data Fig. 1) when the maxima of averaged Ca²⁺ signals from 3 consecutive trials 0-9 s after stimuli were above 3 × s.d. of baseline. Therefore, the ‘non-responders’ could include occasional weak responses that were smaller than 3 × s.d of baseline traces.