Extended Data Fig. 1: Schematic of macaque behavioral observation.

a-b, conflicts were recorded with two webcams on either side of the enclosure. The top three populations with the highest confliction behaviors were screened for further social rank evaluation; detailed depressive-like behaviors were recorded with three webcams to eliminate the coverage holes. The depressive-like behaviors of individuals in the top 3 and bottom 4 were analyzed. A trough was located in the middle of each enclosure. Each enclosure measures 8.0 m × 3.0 m × 3.0 m (L×W×H). c, the social rank was stable with or without male presence calculated by David’s score. Two-sided Pearson correlation test, error bands represent the 95% confidence interval of linear model.