Figure 3
Diaphragm excursion measured by ultrasound decreases in HD patients during deep breathing. (a) The appropriate probe position for B and M mode diaphragmatic mobility measurements using a 1–5 MHz probe. (b) B-mode diaphragm sonography; the bright line reflects the diaphragm using the anterior subcostal approach. (c) M-mode tracing showing the amplitude of excursion during deep breathing. The arrows indicate the beginning and the end of diaphragmatic contraction, and the distance between the arrows indicates the diaphragm excursion. (d) Diaphragm excursion in a normal person during deep breathing. (e) Diaphragm excursion in a haemodialysis dialysis patient during deep breathing.
