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Figure 1

From: Defining variation in pre-human ecosystems can guide conservation: An example from a Caribbean coral reef

Figure 1

Fossil and modern coral reefs of eastern Almirante Bay, Caribbean Panama. (A) Large-scale excavation revealed the mid-Holocene fossil coral reef in Bocas del Toro, where we dug four trenches (B) to expose the autochthonous and in life position (C) fossil reef for bulk sampling. Preservation of corals, like A. cervicornis was excellent (D). The coral community composition at the modern reef at Punta Caracol (E) was found to be encapsulated by the variation described in the mid-Holocene reefs. Images courtesy of Harry Taylor (D) and David Kline (E).

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