Figure 2

Surface characterization of NTAP-Ti in association with their biological effects. (A) Qualitative results of surface water contact angle, n = 6 specimens/group. (B) Changes in Ti2p spectra of titanium and NTAP-treated titanium surfaces. O1s spectra of titanium under XPS analyses: (C) Ti, (D) NTAP-Ti. C1s spectra of titanium: (E) Ti, (F) NTAP-Ti. Data are shown as mean ± SD. Values with dissimilar letters are significantly different (P < 0.05).