Table 1 List of metabolites showing FDR significant association with IS level under hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp.

From: The metabolic footprint of compromised insulin sensitivity under fasting and hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp conditions in an Arab population

Metabolite

Sub-pathway metabolism

Beta

p-value

Beta (Rep)

p-value (Rep)

Histidine

Histidine

− 0.07

6.89 × 10–3

− 0.01

8.55 × 10–1

Isoleucine

Leucine, isoleucine and valine

− 0.13

1.53 × 10–4

− 0.29

2.72 × 10–7

Leucine

− 0.15

1.39 × 10–5

− 0.19

1.78 × 10–4

Methionine

Methionine and taurine

− 0.11

1.11 × 10–3

− 0.13

2.17 × 10–3

Phenylalanine

Phenylalanine

− 0.11

8.73 × 10–5

− 0.12

6.00 × 10–3

Tryptophan

Tryptophan

− 0.14

2.19 × 10–4

− 0.12

3.33 × 10–3

Tyrosine

Tyrosine

− 0.17

4.98 × 10–5

− 0.25

9.93 × 10–7

Erythronate

Aminosugar

0.12

7.77 × 10–5

− 0.05

2.26 × 10–1

Mannose

Fructose, mannose and galactose

− 0.26

1.99 × 10–9

− 0.42

1.28 × 10–6

Galactonate

0.71

4.45 × 10–5

0.28

4.17 × 10–1

Maltose

Glycogen

0.48

6.00 × 10–8

ND

ND

Pyruvate

Glycolysis

0.15

9.26 × 10–3

− 0.01

9.01 × 10–1

Arabinose

Pentose

0.25

1.51 × 10–3

− 0.02

7.31 × 10–1

Arabonate/xylonate

0.28

2.48 × 10–5

ND

ND

2-Hydroxystearate

Fatty acid, monohydroxy

− 0.12

9.66 × 10–3

0.02

7.48 × 10–1

Myristoleate (14:1n5)

Long chain fatty acid

− 0.41

2.06 × 10–3

− 0.55

3.20 × 10–3

10-Heptadecenoate (17:1n7)

− 0.31

4.83 × 10–3

− 0.36

2.73 × 10–3

Myristate (14:0)

− 0.21

1.30 × 10–2

− 0.14

1.53 × 10–1

FFA(18:1)

− 0.19

2.31 × 10–3

ND

ND

FFA(18:2)

− 0.18

8.41 × 10–3

ND

ND

Oleate/vaccenate (18:1)

− 0.33

6.89 × 10–3

ND

ND

Caprate (10:0)

Medium chain fatty acid

− 0.25

2.58 × 10–3

− 0.07

2.63 × 10–1

Laurate (12:0)

− 0.23

4.13 × 10–3

− 0.06

5.06 × 10–1

Linolenate

Polyunsaturated fatty acid

− 0.31

5.11 × 10–3

− 0.34

9.31 × 10–3

Adrenate (22:4n6)

− 0.34

3.80 × 10–3

− 0.20

1.60 × 10–1

Docosapentaenoate (DPA; 22:5n3)

− 0.24

1.01 × 10–3

− 0.09

3.53 × 10–1

Eicosapentaenoate (EPA; 20:5n3)

− 0.36

1.49 × 10–4

0.05

5.81 × 10–1

Dihomo-linolenate (20:3n3)

− 0.23

5.44 × 10–3

− 0.06

3.91 × 10–1

PC(16:0/12:0)

Phosphatidylcholine

− 0.16

9.62 × 10–4

ND

ND

TAG46:1-FA14:1

Triacylglycerol

− 0.37

8.14 × 10–6

ND

ND

Uridine

Pyrimidine

− 0.21

3.31 × 10–6

− 0.12

1.78 × 10–3

γ-Glutamylmethionine

Gamma-glutamyl amino acid

− 0.13

3.30 × 10–3

− 0.15

6.29 × 10–2

γ-Glutamylphenylalanine

− 0.14

6.18 × 10–3

− 0.14

1.37 × 10–2

X-24813

Unknown

− 0.09

5.21 × 10–4

ND

ND

X-24455

− 0.14

1.14 × 10–2

ND

ND

X-23369

− 0.24

1.64 × 10–3

ND

ND

Lactobacillic acid

Bacterial/Fungal

− 0.30

1.24 × 10–2

ND

ND

Gluconate

Food component/plant

0.52

7.25 × 10–6

0.18

5.49 × 10–3

Tartarate

0.36

9.46 × 10–5

ND

ND

  1. ND indicate not detected metabolites in replication cohort. The p-value was defined by the statistical contrast between estimated metabolite levels and IS (high and low) under hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (T2). Beta, reflects the directionality of the changes relative to the subjects with high IS. Beta (rep) and p-value (rep) indicate coefficient and p-value values calculated in replication cohort, respectively.
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