Table 1 Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics.

From: Sleep apnea and diabetes mellitus are independently associated with cardiovascular events and hospitalization for heart failure after coronary artery bypass grafting

Characteristics

Sleep apnea (+)

DM (+)

(n = 295)

Sleep apnea (+) DM (─)

(n = 218)

Sleep apnea (─) DM (+)

(n = 278)

Sleep apnea (─)

DM (─)

(n = 216)

p value

Age, median (IQR), years

62 (57–67)

62 (56–68)

62 (56–68)

60 (56–66.75)

0.341

Male sex, n (%)

245 (83.1)

197 (90.4)

231 (83.1)

198 (91.7)

0.004

Ethnicity, n (%)

Chinese

191 (64.7)

147 (67.4)

158 (56.8)

156 (72.2)

0.017

Malay

52 (17.6)

41 (18.8)

63 (22.7)

38 (17.6)

 

Indian

34 (11.5)

16 (7.3)

42 (15.1)

15 (6.9)

 

Others

18 (6.1)

14 (6.4)

15 (5.4)

7 (3.2)

 

Clinical measurements

Systolic blood pressure, mean (SD), mm Hg

126 (20)

126 (18)

127 (19)

125 (19)

0.803

Diastolic blood pressure, mean (SD), mm Hg

71 (11)

72 (10)

70 (11)

72 (11)

0.116

Body mass index, mean (SD), kg/m2

26.4 (4.2)

26.2 (4.4)

24.3 (3.7)

23.9 (3.4)

< 0.001

Neck circumference, mean (SD), cm

39.4 (3.4)

39.1 (3.5)

38.0 (3.1)

37.7 (3.0)

< 0.001

Waist circumference, mean (SD), cm

96.8 (10.4)

95.4 (11.7)

91.0 (9.7)

89.2 (9.2)

< 0.001

Cardiovascular risk factors, n (%)

Smoking

73 (24.7)

66 (30.3)

82 (29.5)

73 (33.8)

0.028

Hyperlipidaemia

258 (87.5)

159 (72.9)

239 (86.0)

162 (75.0)

< 0.001

Hypertension

255 (86.4)

149 (68.3)

219 (78.8)

130 (60.2)

< 0.001

Insulin dependence

148 (50.1)

–

133 (47.8)

–

0.233

Concomitant conditions, n (%)

Previous myocardial infarction

145 (49.2)

94 (43.1)

123 (44.2)

98 (45.4)

0.522

Previous percutaneous coronary intervention

78 (26.4)

41 (18.1)

60 (21.6)

41 (19.0)

0.118

Previous coronary artery bypass surgery

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1 (0.4)

1 (0.5)

0.543

Stroke/transient ischemic attack

33 (11.2)

28 (12.8)

40 (14.4)

17 (7.9)

0.148

Chronic kidney disease

74 (25.1)

28 (12.8)

49 (17.6)

14 (6.5)

< 0.001

Chronic kidney disease on dialysis

22 (7.5)

6 (2.8)

8 (2.9)

0 (0.0)

< 0.001

Pre-existing atrial fibrillation

13 (4.4)

11 (5.0)

15 (5.4)

8 (3.7)

0.826

Pacemaker in-situ

1 (0.3)

1 (0.5)

0 (0.0)

1 (0.5)

0.745

Implantable cardioverter defibrillator in-situ

3 (1.0)

0 (0.0)

1 (0.4)

0 (0.0)

0.203

  1. Serum estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2.
  2. DM diabetes mellitus, IQR interquartile range, SD standard deviation.
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