Table 5 Adjusted hazard ratios for adverse cardiovascular events via Cox regression.

From: Sleep apnea and diabetes mellitus are independently associated with cardiovascular events and hospitalization for heart failure after coronary artery bypass grafting

Characteristics

Sleep apnea (+)

DM (+)

(n = 295)

Sleep apnea (+)

DM (─)

(n = 218)

Sleep apnea (─)

DM (+)

(n = 278)

Sleep apnea (─) DM (─) (n = 216)

p value

Adjusted HR (95% CI)

Adjusted HR (95% CI)

Adjusted HR (95% CI)

MACCE

3.2 (1.7, 6.2)**

2.1 (1.0, 4.4)*

2.4 (1.2, 4.6)*

Ref

0.005

Cardiovascular mortality

3.2 (0.9, 11.0)

1.9 (0.5, 7.4)

1.9 (0.5, 7.2)

Ref

0.250

Non-fatal myocardial infarction

2.5 (0.8, 7.6)

1.5 (0.4, 5.4)

2.4 (0.8, 7.1)

Ref

0.324

Non-fatal stroke

1.5 (0.6, 3.9)

1.0 (0.3, 2.9)

1.4 (0.5, 3.8)

Ref

0.668

Unplanned revascularization

3.6 (1.0, 12.5)*

2.2 (0.5, 8.7)

3.3 (0.9, 11.6)

Ref

0.038

All-cause mortality

2.6 (1.0, 6.8)

1.6 (0.5, 4.7)

2.0 (0.7, 5.6)

Ref

0.230

Sudden cardiac death or resuscitated cardiac arrest

3.6 (0.8, 16.2)

2.7 (0.5, 13.6)

1.9 (0.4, 9.4)

Ref

0.289

Heart failure hospitalization

12.6 (3.0, 52.3)**

4.4 (0.9, 19.9)

7.6 (1.8, 32.7)**

Ref

< 0.001

New-onset atrial fibrillation

1.0 (0.7, 1.5)

1.1 (0.7, 1.7)

0.8 (0.5, 1.2)

Ref

0.535

  1. Age, sex, body mass index, left ventricular ejection fraction, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease were included as covariates and backward selection method was then applied.
  2. DM diabetes mellitus, MACCE major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events, CI confidence interval, HR hazard ratio.
  3. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01.
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