Table 1 Characteristics of the 670 non-diabetic SAFARI children and heritability estimates for selected cardiometabolic risk traits and carotenoids.

Girls

670

49.3

–

–

–

Age (years)

670

11.5 ± 3.5

–

–

–

Overweight

670

52.7

–

–

–

Obese

670

33.6

–

–

–

Pre-diabetes

630

13.2

–

–

–

MS^a

625

18.7

–

–

–

Acanthosis nigricans

661

33.1

–

–

–

BMI (kg/m²)

670

22.7 ± 6.5

0.75 ± 0.11

1.1 × 10^–11

Fowler et al.⁴⁰

Waist circumference (mm)

664

764.5 ± 179.7

0.63 ± 0.12

3.0 × 10^–8

Fowler et al.⁴⁰

Fat mass (kg) [DXA]

634

16.0 ± 11.1

0.69 ± 0.12

1.8 × 10^–9

Fowler et al.⁴⁰

Fasting glucose (mg/dl)

630

89.5 ± 7.5

0.39 ± 0.11

6.3 × 10^–5

Fowler et al.⁴⁰

Fasting insulin (µIU/ml)

626

13.6 ± 9.4

0.55 ± 0.11

2.0 × 10^–7

Fowler et al.⁴⁰

HOMA-IR

622

2.0 ± 1.3

0.60 ± 0.11

1.8 × 10^–8

Fowler et al.⁴⁰

HDL cholesterol (mg/dl)

623

45.8 ± 10.9

0.64 ± 0.12

2.9 × 10^–8

Fowler et al.⁴⁰

Triglycerides (mg/dl)

623

74.9 ± 39.8

0.77 ± 0.11

8.8 × 10^–13

Fowler et al.⁴⁰

SBP (mmHg)

670

104.1 ± 9.7

0.66 ± 0.11

1.0 × 10^–10

Fowler et al.⁴⁰

DBP (mmHg)

670

63.2 ± 7.0

0.64 ± 0.11

9.7 × 10^–10

Fowler et al.⁴⁰

α-carotene (µmol/L)^b,c

565

0.60 ± 0.97

0.81 ± 0.12

6.7 × 10⁻¹¹

Farook et al.³⁹

β-carotene (µmol/L)^b,c

572

0.48 ± 0.59

0.90 ± 0.11

3.6 × 10⁻¹⁵

Farook et al.³⁹

Lycopene (µmol/L)^b,c

590

0.41 ± 0.58

0.98 ± 0.10

7 × 10^–18

This study

β-cryptoxanthin (µmol/L)^b,c

593

0.51 ± 0.42

0.58 ± 0.12

1 × 10^–7

This study