Table 2 Basic characteristics of studied patients.

From: Mortality rates of severe COVID-19-related respiratory failure with and without extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in the Middle Ruhr Region of Germany

 

ECMO 50/149 (33.6%)

Non-ECMO 99/149 (66.4%)

p value

Age (median), years (min–max)

58 (24–80)

72 (42–90)

 < 0.0001*

Male

37 (74.0%)

58 (58.6%)

0.0653

Dead

40 (80.0%)

68 (68.7%)

0.1462

Comorbidities

47 (94.0%)

99 (100%)

0.0136*

Hypertension

29 (58.0%)

78 (78.8%)

0.0075*

Dyslipidemia

11 (22.0%)

38 (38.4%)

0.0448*

Diabetes mellitus

14 (28.0%)

40 (40.4%)

0.1388

Obesity

33 (66.0%)

62 (62.6%)

0.6882

Current smoker

3 (6.0%)

4 (4.0%)

0.5964

Renal insufficiency

4 (8.0%)

25 (25.3%)

0.0118*

Allergies

7 (14.0%)

16 (16.2%)

0.7323

Heart disease

9 (18.0%)

47 (47.5%)

0.0004*

Atrial fibrillation

1 (2.0%)

25 (25.3%)

0.0003*

Cerebrovascular disease

3 (6.0%)

11 (11.1%)

0.3159

Autoimmun disease

1 (2.0%)

0 (0.0%)

0.1601

Connective tissue disease

1 (2.0%)

0 (0.0%)

0.1601

Liver disease

1 (2.0%)

2 (2.0%)

0.9934

Any cancer

3 (6.0%)

12 (12.1%)

0.2439

Immunsupression condition

2 (4.0%)

2 (2.0%)

0.4835

Home oxygen therapy

0 (0.0%)

4 (4.0%)

0.1517

previous medication**

30 (60.0%)

88 (88.9%)

 < 0.0001*

Symptoms

 Dyspnea

38 (76.0%)

64 (64.6%)

0.1612

 Tachypnea

32 (64.0%)

51 (51.5%)

0.1494

 Fatigue

22 (44.0%)

41 (41.4%)

0.7648

 Hipo-/Anosmia

4 (8.0%)

2 (2.0%)

0.0805

 Disgeusia

4 (8.0%)

0 (0.0%)

0.0041*

 Sorethroat

7 (14.0%)

9 (9.1%)

0.3641

 Fever

23 (46.0%)

40 (40.4%)

0.5171

 Cough

21 (42.0%)

42 (42.4%)

0.9609

 Vomiting

2 (4.0%)

9 (9.1%)

0.2648

 Diarrhea

8 (16.0%)

8 (8.1%)

0.1423

 Arthromyalgy

7 (14.0%)

1 (1.0%)

0.0008*

 Synkope

0 (0.0%)

4 (4.0%)

0.1517

 Chest pain

2 (4.0%)

3 (3.0%)

0.7582

 Headache

3 (6.0%)

4 (4.0%)

0.5964

 Pain

2 (4.0%)

2 (2.0%)

0.4835

 Rhinitis

5 (10.0%)

1 (1.0%)

0.0082*

 O2SAT < 92%

28 (56.0%)

46 (46.5%)

0.2748

Laboratory results at admission to ICU

 Leukocytes (/nl)

10.89 ± 4.42

8.78 ± 4.81

0.0194*

 Lymphocytes (/nl)

0.9 ± 0.61

0.87 ± 0.56

0.8543

 Thrombocytes (/nl)

244.18 ± 100.77

224.59 ± 118.3

0.3631

 Hemoglobin (g/dl)

12.8 ± 2.22

12.28 ± 2.44

0.2523

 CRP (mg/dl)

27.57 ± 42.21

13.81 ± 8.4

0.0030*

 Creatinin (mg/dl)

1.35 ± 0.87

1.7 ± 2.11

0.3186

 Bilirubin (mg/dl)

0.82 ± 0.79

0.69 ± 0.8

0.3883

 pH

7.41 ± 0.1

7.38 ± 0.12

0.3429

 pO2 (mmHg)

38.53 ± 13.54

41.82 ± 13.31

0.2183

 pCO2 (mmHg)

74.8 ± 28.19

76.76 ± 28.19

0.7800

 Lactate (mmol/l)

1.83 ± 1.43

2.1 ± 1.43

0.5198

Ventilatory settings one day after intubation

 PEEP (mmHg)

13 ± 2.81

11.71 ± 2.53

0.0070*

 PIP (mmHg)

27.12 ± 5.62

25.13 ± 5.59

0.0732*

 Tidal volume (ml)

418.33 ± 183.92

487.37 ± 150.83

0.0329*

 FiO2(%)

68.63 ± 25.16

59.21 ± 18.45

0.0199*

 Respiratory rate/minute

16 ± 7.14

18.2 ± 3.73

0.0244*

Therapy

 High flow nasal cannula

43 (86.0%)

66 (66.7%)

0.0117*

 Non-invasive mechanical ventilation

41 (82.0%)

67 (67.7%)

0.0652

 Invasive mechanical ventilation

49 (98.0%)

99 (100.0%)

0.1601

 Tracheotomy

21 (42.0%)

27 (27.3%)

0.0701

 Vasoactive treatment

50 (100.0%)

99 (100.0%)

 

 Cytokine adsorption therapy

23 (46.0%)

13 (13.1%)

 < 0.0001*

 Adjuvant therapy on ECMO or mechanical ventilation

47 (94.0%)

97 (98.0%)

0.2053

 Neuromuscular blockage

21 (42.0%)

45 (45.5%)

0.6909

 Prone positioning

38 (76.0%)

79 (79.8%)

0.5969

 Nitrite oxide or prostacyclin

1 (2.0%)

0 (0.0%)

0.1601

 Renal Replacement therapy

38 (76.0%)

43 (43.4%)

0.0001*

COVID19 treatment

 Use corticoids during admission

8 (16.0%)

15 (15.2%)

0.8932

 Use corticoids during ICU

50 (100.0%)

85 (85.9%)

0.0050*

 Immunsupressants

9 (18.0%)

9 (9.1%)

0.1167

 Antiviral drugs

20 (40.0%)

40 (40.4%)

0.9624

 Remedesivir

18 (36.0%)

33 (33.3%)

0.7480

 Tocilizumab

9 (18.0%)

6 (6.1%)

0.0221*

 Hydrocychloroquin

1 (2.0%)

8 (8.1%)

0.1432

  1. Comparison between ECMO patients and Non-ECMO patients.
  2. Data are presentend as mean ± STD, unless otherwise indicated.
  3. ECMO extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, O2SAT oxygen saturation at admission, ICU intensive care unit, CRP C-reactive protein, PEEP positive end expiratory pressure, PIP peak inspiratory pressure, FiO2 fraction of inspired oxygen.
  4. *p < 0,05, **detailed medication list is shown in Supplement Table 2. Significant values are in [bold].
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