Table 2 Sample characteristics by birth outcomes and any Childhood Maltreatment (CM) exposure.
From: Maternal exposure to childhood maltreatment and adverse birth outcomes
| Â | Total | non-SGA | SGA | p-value | Term birth (non-PTB) | Preterm birth (PTB) | p-value | No CM reported | CM reported | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
657 | 594 | 63 | 603 | 54 | 450 | 207 | ||||
N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | ||||
Sex of the baby | Â | Â | Â | 0.18 | Â | Â | 0.35 | Â | Â | 0.77 |
 Female | 307 (46.8) | 272 (45.9) | 35 (54.7) |  | 285 (47.2) | 22 (42.3) |  | 212 (47.1) | 95 (45.9) |  |
 Male | 350 (53.4) | 320 (54.1) | 29 (45.3) |  | 318 (52.6) | 32 (61.5) |  | 238 (52.9) | 112 (54.1) |  |
Maternal age (years) | Â | Â | Â | 0.39 | Â | Â | 0.98 | Â | Â | 0.25 |
 ≤ 20 | 32 (4.9) | 29 (4.9) | 3 (4.8) |  | 30 (5.0) | 2 (3.7) |  | 17 (3.8) | 15 (7.3) |  |
 21–29 | 334 (50.8) | 306 (51.5) | 28 (44.4) |  | 306 (50.8) | 28 (51.9) |  | 228 (50.7) | 106 (51.2) |  |
 30–39 | 269 (40.9) | 241 (40.6) | 28 (44.4) |  | 247 (41.0) | 22 (40.7) |  | 190 (42.2) | 79 (38.2) |  |
 ≥ 40 | 22 (3.4) | 18 (3) | 4 (6.4) |  | 20 (3.3) | 2 (3.7) |  | 15 (3.3) | 7 (3.4) |  |
Income (63 missing) |  |  |  | 0.99 |  |  |  < 0.01 |  |  |  < 0.01 |
 ≤ $15,000 | 89 (15) | 81 (15.1) | 8 (14.3) |  | 70 (12.9) | 19 (35.2) |  | 45 (11.0) | 44 (23.9) |  |
 $15,000–50,000 | 200 (33.7) | 181 (33.6) | 19 (33.9) |  | 189 (34.7) | 11 (20.4) |  | 133 (32.4) | 67 (36.4) |  |
 ≥ $50,000 | 305 (51.3) | 276 (51.3) | 29 (51.8) |  | 285 (52.4) | 20 (37.0) |  | 232 (56.6) | 73 (39.7) |  |
Race/ethnicity |  |  |  | 0.45 |  |  |  < 0.01 |  |  |  < 0.01 |
 Non-Latine White | 391 (59.7) | 359 (60.6) | 32 (50.8) |  | 372 (61.9) | 19 (35.2) |  | 295 (65.7) | 96 (46.6) |  |
 Non-Latine Black | 104 (15.9) | 93 (15.7) | 11 (17.5) |  | 90 (15) | 14 (25.9) |  | 64 (14.2) | 40 (19.4) |  |
 Hispanic/Latine | 123 (18.8) | 107 (18.1) | 16 (25.4) |  | 109 (18.1) | 14 (25.9) |  | 61 (13.6) | 62 (30.1) |  |
 Other | 37 (5.7) | 33 (5.6) | 4 (6.4) |  | 30 (5) | 7 (13.0) |  | 29 (6.5) | 8 (3.9) |  |
Married | 536 (81.7) | 483 (81.5) | 53 (84.1) | 0.6 | 495 (82.2) | 41 (75.9) | 0.25 | 376 (83.7) | 160 (77.3) | 0.05 |
Education |  |  |  | 0.72 |  |  | 0.35 |  |  |  < 0.01 |
 High school or less | 169 (25.7) | 150 (25.3) | 19 (30.2) |  | 150 (24.9) | 19 (35.2) |  | 95 (21.1) | 74 (35.7) |  |
 Some college or associates | 222 (33.8) | 201 (33.8) | 21 (33.3) |  | 204 (33.8) | 18 (33.3) |  | 142 (31.6) | 80 (38.6) |  |
 Bachelors degree or more | 265 (40.4) | 242 (40.7) | 23 (36.5) |  | 248 (41.1) | 17 (31.5) |  | 213 (47.3) | 52 (25.1) |  |
Childhood poverty | 249 (37.9) | 212 (35.7) | 37 (58.7) |  < 0.01 | 223 (37.0) | 26 (48.1) | 0.11 | 135 (30.0) | 114 (55.1) |  < 0.01 |
Depression (CES-D ≥ 16) | 209 (31.8) | 184 (31) | 25 (39.7) | 0.16 | 191 (31.7) | 18 (33.3) | 0.8 | 109 (24.2) | 100 (48.3) |  < 0.01 |
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) | 88 (13.4) | 70 (11.8) | 18 (28.1) |  < 0.01 | 69 (11.4) | 19 (35.2) |  < 0.01 | 52 (11.6) | 36 (17.4) | 0.04 |
Alcohol use in pregnancy | 55 (8.2) | 48 (8.1) | 7 (12.5) | 0.63 | 50 (8.4) | 5 (5.8) | 0.88 | 38 (8.4) | 15 (7.3) | 0.62 |
Smoking in pregnancy | 70 (10.5) | 59 (9.9) | 11 (17.4) | 0.07 | 62 (10.4) | 8 (11.5) | 0.3 | 40 (8.9) | 30 (14.5) | 0.03 |
Recreational drug use in pregnancy | 16 (2.5) | 15 (2.5) | 1 (1.6) | 0.64 | 14 (2.3) | 2 (3.8) | 0.51 | 5 (1.1) | 11 (5.3) |  < 0.01 |
Any substance use | 123 (18.7) | 106 (17.9) | 17 (27.0) | 0.08 | 111 (18.4) | 12 (22.2) | 0.49 | 79 (17.6) | 44 (21.3) | 0.26 |
Body mass index BMI (kg/m2) |  |  |  | 0.76 |  |  | 0.02 |  |  |  < 0.01 |
 Underweight (< 18.5) | 13 (2) | 11 (1.9) | 2 (3.2) |  | 10 (1.7) | 3 (5.6) |  | 9 (2.0) | 4 (1.9) |  |
 Normal weight (18.5–24.9) | 287 (43.9) | 260 (43.9) | 27 (43.6) |  | 271 (45.2) | 16 (29.6) |  | 216 (48.2) | 71 (34.5) |  |
 Overweight/obese (≥ 25.0) | 354 (54.1) | 321 (54.2) | 33 (53.2) |  | 319 (53.2) | 35 (64.8) |  | 223 (49.8) | 131 (63.6) |  |
Childhood Maltreatment (CM) | ||||||||||
 Physical neglect | 54 (8.2) | 42 (7.1) | 12 (19.1) |  < 0.01 | 47 (7.8) | 7 (13.0) | 0.19 |  |  |  |
 Physical abuse | 86 (13.1) | 72 (12.1) | 14 (22.2) | 0.02 | 77 (12.8) | 9 (16.7) | 0.42 |  |  |  |
 Emotional neglect | 64 (9.7) | 53 (8.9) | 11 (17.5) | 0.03 | 57 (9.5) | 7 (13.0) | 0.41 |  |  |  |
 Emotional abuse | 106 (16.1) | 89 (15) | 17 (27.0) | 0.01 | 97 (16.1) | 9 (16.7) | 0.92 |  |  |  |
 Sexual abuse | 121 (18.4) | 102 (17.2) | 19 (30.2) | 0.01 | 109 (18.1) | 12 (22.2) | 0.45 |  |  |  |
Number of Childhool Maltreatment (CM) sub-scales moderate/severe |  |  |  |  < 0.01 |  |  | 0.44 |  |  |  |
 0 | 450 (68.5) | 416 (70) | 34 (54.0) |  | 416 (69) | 34 (63) |  |  |  |  |
 1 | 96 (14.6) | 85 (14.3) | 11 (17.5) |  | 87 (14.4) | 9 (16.7) |  |  |  |  |
 2 | 40 (6.1) | 36 (6.1) | 4 (6.4) |  | 36 (6.0) | 4 (7.4) |  |  |  |  |
 3 | 40 (6.1) | 34 (5.7) | 6 (9.5) |  | 38 (6.3) | 2 (3.7) |  |  |  |  |
 4 | 20 (3) | 16 (2.7) | 4 6.4) |  | 16 (2.7) | 4 (7.4) |  |  |  |  |
 5 | 11 (1.7) | 7 (1.2) | 4 (6.4) |  | 10 (1.7) | 1 (1.9) |  |  |  |  |
Adverse birth outcomes | Â | |||||||||
 Small for getational age (SGA) | 63 (9.6) |  |  |  | 56 (9.3) | 7 (13.0) | 0.38 | 34 (7.6) | 29 (14.1) |  < 0.01 |
 Preterm birth (PTB) | 54 (8.2) | 47 (7.9) | 7 (11.1) | 0.38 |  |  |  | 34 (7.6) | 20 (9.7) | 0.36 |
