Table 3 Time series forecasting results for wells W1–W8 with a predictive length of 30 and 60 days.

From: Wavelet gated multiformer for groundwater time series forecasting

Well

Crossformer

Transformer

Autoformer

Informer

Metric

MSE

MAE

MSE

MAE

MSE

MAE

MSE

MAE

W1

30

0.00925

0.07237

0.34608

0.52766

0.00987

0.08355

0.70871

0.80611

60

0.00788

0.06840

0.27607

0.48360

0.01371

0.09950

0.85244

0.89560

W2

30

0.52115

0.61905

0.06888

0.20957

0.52275

0.67489

0.09626

0.26674

60

0.46397

0.59317

0.09144

0.25529

0.74217

0.83077

0.10765

0.27641

W3

30

0.77759

0.82393

0.15215

0.33716

0.11117

0.27986

0.34037

0.55363

60

0.61682

0.66926

0,19980

0.39619

0.11153

0.27952

0.33302

0.53747

W4

30

1.04818

0.82515

0.28464

0.39411

0.50697

0.53996

0.30920

0.43256

60

1.29363

0.90303

0.24663

0.43913

0.36481

0.45908

0.58123

0,66646

W5

30

0.17268

0.36590

0.13576

0.32643

0.30318

0.52543

0.11061

0.27344

60

0.23629

0.41187

0.14203

0.32898

0.46962

0.66320

0.07404

0.22836

W6

30

0.44984

0.53776

0.29903

0.47785

0.36899

0.48609

0.17024

0.33234

60

0.44194

0.53514

0.23976

0.40862

0.22982

0.38238

0.20286

0.36610

W7

30

1.29190

0.98086

2.24612

1.46903

0.41498

0.54960

3.99748

1.97288

60

–

–

2.78741

1.64702

0.15280

0.31165

4.86198

2.17386

W8

30

0.43957

0.50853

0.61219

0.74156

0.45841

0.52169

0.42389

0.60369

60

0.48149

0.54576

0.58423

0.74164

0.54797

0.57954

0.52142

0.67114